War Scenarios and Cyber Infrastructure Resilience

Classification: Strategic Analysis Date: December 2025 Focus: National Security & Critical Infrastructure

Executive Summary

The widespread Internet outages experienced in 2025 raise legitimate questions about the potential involvement of nation-state actors testing Western cyber defenses. As digital systems underpin almost every aspect of modern life, it is essential to view our Internet and IT infrastructure as a critical part of national security and essential services.

This analysis examines the strategic vulnerabilities of modern cloud-dependent infrastructure from a military perspective, proposing a Survivable Resilience Framework (SRF) to address systemic weaknesses in the face of deliberate external attacks.

Strategic Context: Digital Infrastructure as Military Target

🎯 High-Value Targets

Global cloud providers and CDNs represent concentration points analogous to military choke points

⚠️ Nation-State Testing

2025 outages may indicate adversaries probing Western cyber defense capabilities

💥 Cascading Disruption

Single-provider compromise impacts banking, logistics, healthcare, and public safety simultaneously

🛡️ Survivability Gap

Modern infrastructure lacks military-grade resilience despite supporting critical national functions

Military Targeting Doctrine Applied to Digital Infrastructure

Traditional Military Targets

Military history shows that in times of war, adversaries target key nodes and choke points to maximize disruption with minimal effort:

  • Transportation Hubs: Rail and road junctions, ports, airports
  • Manufacturing Centers: Industrial capacity and supply chain nodes
  • Energy Infrastructure: Power generation, refineries, transmission networks
  • Water Distribution: Treatment facilities and distribution networks
  • Communications: Broadcasting stations, telephone exchanges, data centers

Digital Equivalents in Modern Warfare

In a digital context, the strategic targeting doctrine translates to major service concentration points:

Target Category Digital Equivalent Impact if Compromised
Transportation Hubs Content Delivery Networks (Cloudflare, Akamai, Fastly) Global website and application inaccessibility
Manufacturing Centers Cloud Infrastructure (AWS, Azure, Google Cloud) Business operations, SaaS services, data access disrupted
Energy Infrastructure DNS Root Servers and Major Resolvers Internet navigation failure, service discovery breakdown
Communications OAuth/SSO Providers (Auth0, Okta, Azure AD) Authentication failure across multiple services
Supply Chain Nodes Package Repositories (npm, PyPI, Maven Central) Software development and deployment paralysis

Strategic Significance

The very success of these platforms has made them high-value strategic targets. Their size, interconnectivity, and ubiquity mean that disabling or compromising even one can cause disproportionate disruption—impacting everything from banking and logistics to healthcare and public safety.

Internet Survivability vs. Service Availability

The ARPANET Legacy

It is likely that the Internet itself would remain operational in a widespread conflict scenario. The original ARPANET and its successors were designed for survivability and redundancy under duress. The core routing protocols (BGP, OSPF) and packet-switching architecture inherently support route-around capabilities when network segments fail.

Critical Distinction

Internet connectivity ≠ Service availability

The network infrastructure may function while the services running on top of it fail catastrophically.

The Unanticipated Dependency Problem

What was not anticipated when designing resilient network protocols is the extent to which today's Internet functionality depends on a complex lattice of third-party services that were never designed with military-grade resilience in mind:

  • Software-as-a-Service (SaaS): Business applications hosted on third-party infrastructure
  • Cloud Infrastructure: Compute, storage, and database services in multi-tenant environments
  • DNS Resolution: Centralized naming services required for service discovery
  • CDN Layers: Content distribution networks handling static and dynamic assets
  • Authentication Services: OAuth and SSO systems controlling access to multiple platforms
  • Payment Gateways: Financial transaction processing dependencies

Vulnerability Assessment

Critical Vulnerability

Multi-Tenant Cloud Services: Shared infrastructure enables cross-customer impact from single compromise

Critical Vulnerability

Authentication Centralization: SSO provider failure locks users out of multiple services simultaneously

Critical Vulnerability

CDN Dependency: Content distribution failure renders websites and applications unusable

Significant Vulnerability

DNS Resolution: Name resolution failure prevents service discovery despite network connectivity

Survivable Resilience Framework (SRF)

A Survivable Resilience Framework (SRF) must be developed to explicitly recognize and address vulnerabilities within multi-tenant cloud services, dependency chains, and single points of systemic weakness. The framework comprises five core pillars:

1. Redundant Multi-Cloud Strategies

Avoid single-provider dependencies through deliberate architectural diversification.

  • Active-Active Deployment: Services running simultaneously on multiple cloud providers
  • Geographic Distribution: Data and compute resources distributed across sovereign boundaries
  • Provider Diversity: Utilize fundamentally different technology stacks (AWS + Azure + on-premise)
  • Automated Failover: Real-time health monitoring with traffic redirection capabilities
  • Cost Optimization: Balance redundancy costs against risk exposure

2. Decentralized DNS and Routing Models

Implement local fallback modes to maintain service discovery during upstream failures.

  • Local DNS Caching: Extended TTL and persistent cache for critical services
  • Alternative Name Resolution: Hosts files, mDNS, and service mesh discovery
  • DNS Redundancy: Multiple resolver providers with different infrastructure
  • DNSSEC Implementation: Cryptographic validation preventing cache poisoning attacks

3. Independent Data Replication

National and sectoral data sovereignty with offline accessibility.

  • National Data Repositories: Critical datasets replicated within sovereign boundaries
  • Sector-Specific Backups: Healthcare, financial, government data with local copies
  • Immutable Storage: Write-once-read-many systems preventing ransomware impact
  • Air-Gapped Archives: Offline copies for catastrophic recovery scenarios
  • Regular Testing: Periodic restoration drills validating recovery procedures

4. Zero-Trust Architecture with Offline Fail-Safes

Security models that function during Internet disruption for critical command and control systems.

  • Local Authentication: Identity verification without cloud dependency
  • Cryptographic Authorization: Token-based access with offline validation
  • Network Segmentation: Critical systems isolated from general network
  • Manual Override Procedures: Documented processes for human-in-the-loop authorization
  • Offline Capability Testing: Regular drills simulating Internet unavailability

5. Regular War-Game Simulations

Test response capabilities and continuity under realistic attack scenarios.

  • Red Team Exercises: Adversarial testing of defense capabilities
  • Sectoral Coordination Drills: Multi-organization response simulation
  • Cascading Failure Scenarios: Testing response to multiple simultaneous outages
  • Communication Testing: Alternative channels during primary system failure
  • Recovery Time Validation: Measuring actual vs. expected restoration timelines

Implementation Priorities by Sector

Sector Immediate Actions Strategic Objectives
Government • Deploy sovereign cloud infrastructure
• Establish air-gapped backup systems
• Mandate SRF compliance for contractors
National cyber resilience strategy with legislative backing and funding allocation
Healthcare • Local patient record replication
• Offline diagnostic system capability
• Emergency communication protocols
Medical service continuity during Internet disruption without compromising care quality
Financial Services • Multi-cloud payment processing
• Offline transaction authorization
• Manual reconciliation procedures
Maintain transactional capability and settlement processes during infrastructure attacks
Utilities • OT/IT network segregation
• Local SCADA system control
• Manual override capabilities
Critical infrastructure operation independence from Internet-connected systems
Telecommunications • Diverse international connectivity
• National backbone redundancy
• Emergency routing protocols
Maintain connectivity infrastructure despite targeted attacks on specific providers

Nation-State Threat Assessment

Evidence of Reconnaissance Activity

The 2025 outages exhibit characteristics consistent with systematic infrastructure probing:

  1. Sequential Targeting: Major providers affected in progression suggesting deliberate selection
  2. Recovery Observation: Attack timing allows adversaries to measure response capabilities
  3. Multi-Vector Testing: Different attack surfaces explored (DNS, CDN, authentication)
  4. Subtlety: Incidents plausibly attributable to technical failures rather than attacks
  5. Intelligence Gathering: Dependency mapping revealed through cascading failures

Strategic Implications

Warning Indicators

If nation-state actors are indeed testing infrastructure resilience, the reconnaissance phase precedes operational deployment. Organizations and governments must treat these incidents as advance warning of potential future attacks with hostile intent.

Adversary Capabilities

  • Resource Availability: Nation-states possess significant computational and personnel resources
  • Long-Term Planning: Multi-year campaigns establish persistent access and backdoors
  • Supply Chain Infiltration: Compromise at development or distribution stages
  • Zero-Day Exploitation: Advanced persistent threats leveraging unknown vulnerabilities
  • Coordinated Operations: Simultaneous multi-target attacks overwhelming defense capabilities

Conclusion: Preparing for Deliberate Attack

Only by acknowledging the Internet's current fragility—and structuring national and sector-level continuity strategies accordingly—can we ensure that digital society remains operational under conditions of deliberate external attack.

Core Principles

  1. Assume Breach: Design systems expecting compromise rather than hoping for prevention
  2. Eliminate Single Points of Failure: Redundancy and diversity at every layer
  3. Maintain Offline Capability: Critical functions must operate without Internet connectivity
  4. Regular Testing: War-game simulations reveal vulnerabilities before adversaries exploit them
  5. International Coordination: Allied nations sharing threat intelligence and response strategies

Call to Action

The Survivable Resilience Framework provides a roadmap for organizations and governments to systematically address these vulnerabilities. Implementation requires:

  • Leadership Commitment: Executive and political recognition of cyber infrastructure as national security priority
  • Resource Allocation: Funding for redundancy, diversification, and testing programs
  • Regulatory Mandates: Compliance frameworks requiring SRF implementation
  • Public-Private Partnership: Collaboration between government, industry, and academia
  • Cultural Change: Shifting from efficiency optimization to resilience prioritization

Final Assessment

The question is not whether digital infrastructure will face deliberate attack during future conflicts, but when. Organizations and nations that implement the Survivable Resilience Framework today will maintain operational capability while others face catastrophic service disruption.

Preparation is not optional—it is a strategic imperative for national security.

Integration with Survivable Hybrid Cloud Research

This war scenarios analysis directly informs the Survivable Hybrid Cloud research program by:

Research Contributions

  1. Threat Model Expansion: Extending from accidental outages to deliberate adversarial attacks
  2. Defense-in-Depth Validation: Military targeting doctrine supporting multi-layer resilience approach
  3. Critical Infrastructure Focus: Prioritizing sectors with national security implications
  4. Testing Methodology: War-game simulations as research validation technique
  5. Policy Recommendations: Translating technical findings into actionable government guidance

Future Research Directions

  • Quantitative modeling of SRF implementation costs vs. disruption risk reduction
  • Sector-specific resilience frameworks tailored to healthcare, finance, utilities
  • International comparative analysis of national cyber resilience strategies
  • Technical implementation guides for zero-trust offline fail-safes
  • Simulation platform development for automated war-game scenario testing